prefix for 9 in chemistry

Geometric Isomer Definition (Cis-Trans Isomers), What Happens to Candle Wax When a Candle Burns, Common Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry, The Definition of Ortho, Meta, and Para in Organic Chemistry, Definition of Carboxyl Group in Chemistry. along with a chart of SI prefixes and more advanced, derived units (such as the joule and watt). For example, a compound that has 5 atoms of a particular element would have the penta prefix before that element in the compounds name. CH (6.8k) $6.98. This is essentially the roman numeral system that has already been explained, but it applies to non-ionic compounds as well. understanding and skills required) Key vocabulary. Where an acid has both a systematic and a common name (like CH3COOH, for example, which is known as both acetic acid and as ethanoic acid), its salts can be named from either parent name. Two prefixes for forming multiples were added: peta and exa. Carboxylic acids attached to a benzene ring are structural analogs of benzoic acid (Ph-COOH) and are named as one of its derivatives. Everytime you reload these should rearrange. Section 9.1 Naming Ions OBJECTIVES: -Identify the charges on monatomic ions by using the periodic table, and name the ions. where each "#" represents a number. This chronological summary highlights these developments. The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) approves the 8 prefixes for use. Metric Prefixes for SI Units . This is done by first numbering the chain in both directions (left to right and right to left), and then choosing the numbering which follows these rules, in order of precedence. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Organic Chemistry Prefixes and Suffixes." https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si-prefixes. Set your categories menu in Theme Settings -> Header -> Menu -> Mobile menu (categories), CO= carbon monoxide. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Patterns of problems. with each formula unit. Alternatively, an ether chain can be named as an alkane in which one carbon is replaced by an oxygen, a replacement denoted by the prefix "oxa". { "2.01:_Mathematical_Fundamentals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Algebra_Review" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_Numbers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_Units_of_Measurement" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_Measured_Numbers_and_Significant_Digits" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.06:_Scientific_Notation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.07:_SI_Prefixes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.08:_Unit_Conversions_and_Dimensional_Analysis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.09:_Fractions_and_Percent" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.10:_Graphing_and_Temperature_Conversions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "00:_General_Information" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Mathematical_Fundamentals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Atoms_and_Elements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Compounds_and_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Counting_Molecules_through_Measurements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Stoichiometry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Solution_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Thermodynamics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "authorname:belfordr" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock%2FChem_1300%253A_Preparatory_Chemistry%2FLearning_Modules%2F02%253A_Mathematical_Fundamentals%2F2.07%253A_SI_Prefixes, $ \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}$ $ \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$, 2.8: Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Elena Lisitsyna& Vincent Belford(H5P interactive modules). Chemistry prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. CH Gallery of slides covering all the key concepts with worked examples. PDF. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary provides two common pronunciations for the scientific term gigawatt. Examples: Subject, subtract, subjugate, subnitrate, suboxide, subchloride, subplot, subcommittee, subvert, submerge, submarine, subscribe, subtropical, etc. For example, (CH3)2CHCH3, commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the systematic name 2-methylpropane. In general, carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid (etymologically a back-formation from benzoic acid). Are you pronouncing 'kilometre' correctly. For real large or small numbers, the convention is to place a number with between 1 and 999 in front of the SI prefix, and use the appropriate prefix to show the value. For relatively simple molecules they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over. For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin. Esters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. Activity$\PageIndex{2}$: Prefix to Value. When you want to express some large or small quantities, you may also find these prefixes useful. Salts of carboxylic acids are named following the usual cation-then-anion conventions used for ionic compounds in both IUPAC and common nomenclature systems. What does prefix mean in chemistry? Metric Prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature scheme becomes rapidly more elaborate for more complex cyclic structures, with notation for compounds containing conjoined rings, and many common names such as phenol being accepted as base names for compounds derived from them. Flash cards that go from SI prefix symbol to value. The ordinal series are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third (for numbers higher than 2, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions; only the fraction .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}12 has special forms). If more than one functional group is present, the one with. September 2, 2022 by Alexander Johnson A prefix to the name comes before the molecule. Scientific notation is a useful means to write out very large or very small numbers using powers of ten and exponents. A molecular compound consists of molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms bonded together in that molecule. Numbers are used to identify the position of the substituent. Ethers (R-O-R) consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains. Then, assign a prefix based on the list at the beginning of this article (mono for 1, di for 2, et cetera). 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, "IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry", Learn how and when to remove this template message, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Functional group Table of common functional groups, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, "Table 28(a): Carboxylic acids and related group". Introduction to Chemistry Prefixes Number of Atoms: Prefixes 1: mono 2: di 3: tri 4: tetra 5: penta 6: hexa 7: hepta 8: octa 9: nona 10: deca The above list shows the 10 most basic chemistry prefixes for naming compounds, which come from Greek. II. . Spelling. For example, CHCl3 (chloroform) is trichloromethane. StudyStack. Since the first eight prefixes were adopted by the CGPM in 1889, there have been five subsequent prefix expansions. Simply add the name of the attached halide to the end of the acyl group. Commas are put between numbers (2 5 5 becomes 2,5,5), Hyphens are put between a number and a letter (2 5 5 trimethylheptane becomes 2,5,5-trimethylheptane), Successive words are merged into one word (trimethyl heptane becomes trimethylheptane). CH3F3N+ is trifluoromethylammonium. Multiple double bonds take the form -diene, -triene, etc., with the size prefix of the chain taking an extra "a": CH2=CHCH=CH2 is buta-1,3-diene. Legal. Some of the examples show the variations. Functional class IUPAC nomenclature may also be used in the form of alkyl cyanides. For example,(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br is named 1-bromo-3-methylbutane. Note also that some names are given using other conventions. For example, NO2 would be called nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen dioxide. These compounds are neutral overall. You also need to know them to figure out the formula from their names. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are, unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, vicenary centenary , denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, millenarian, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 07:16. ILTS Science - Chemistry (106): Test Practice and Study Guide Parameter. Wiki User 2012-02-03 02:28:38 This answer is: Study guides Algebra 20 cards A polynomial of degree. In this tutorial, you will be introduced to the different types of chemistry prefixes. See its etymology for details.). NIST SI Measurement System Chart (2021) is a colorful chart explaining the 7 base units of the SI, prefix symbols, and features the Measurement League: Guardians of the SI. It means "on the right side". The above cations except for methanium are not, strictly speaking, organic, since they do not contain carbon. The soft g pronunciation is listed first, followed by the hard "g" pronunciation. For example, a chain of six carbon atoms would be named using the prefix hex-. The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like the English once, twice, thrice. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be included in the attached chain (for instance in the case of cyclic aldehydes), the prefix "formyl-" or the suffix "-carbaldehyde" is used: C6H11CHO is cyclohexanecarbaldehyde. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. For example, the prefixdeka is used (American English spelling) but not deca (British English). A locked padlock "cyclohexyl-") or for benzene, "phenyl-". Organic Chemistry Prefixes Halogen substituents are also indicated using prefixes, such as fluoro (F-), chloro (Cl-), bromo (Br-), and iodo (I-). You need to memorize many of these and know how to convert between them. Therefore, HClO 4 is called perchloric acid. The secondary functional groups are: a hydroxy- at carbon 5, a chloro- at carbon 11, a methoxy- at carbon 15, and a bromo- at carbon 18. If there are two side-chains with the same alpha carbon, the number will be written twice. Prefix Progress. Thus, because compound prefixes are unacceptable, symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching SI prefix symbols to g (gram). https://www.thoughtco.com/hydrocarbon-nomenclature-prefixes-608208 (accessed March 1, 2023). H2O Chapter 9 "Chemical Names and Formulas". what type of danger zone is needed for this exercise. Has the lowest-numbered locants for prefixes. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Share. Prefixes is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. The following activities are drill and practice. How to Name Chemical Compounds. Introduction to Paragraphs PowerPoint. As with aldehydes, the carboxyl functional group must take the "1" position on the main chain and so the locant need not be stated. The position of the hydroxyl group(s) on the parent chain is(are) indicated by placing the number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in front It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). If you type 1,200,000 into your calculator and press ENG, it gives 1.2 x 106, so 1,200,000 bytes of memory on a memory stick would be 1.2 MBytes (you do not say 1,200 kBytes). $2.00. The names of the first four alkanes were derived from methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) The first few are: For example, the simplest alkane is CH4 methane, and the nine-carbon alkane CH3(CH2)7CH3 is named nonane. A word to the wise: deca- (symbol = da) is a little used unit prefix. The CGPM decided to expand the list of SI prefixes to encompass a larger range of numbersboth massive and minuscule. The above list shows the 10 most basic chemistry prefixes for naming compounds, which come from Greek. Chung (Peter) Chieh (Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @University of Waterloo). Note that some of the prefixes may change slightly when they are applied to the names. Lastly, you will be given different examples to practice with naming chem prefixes. A prefix to the name comes before the molecule. This makes it a prime target for teachers to test. It will be called 19-yne. Prefixes in molecular compounds are decided by the number of atoms of each element in the compound. prefixes are ignored for the purpose of alphabetical ordering of side chains (e.g. Ionic compounds with transition metals will contain prefixes to denote oxidation states, but those are not prefixes. prefix: number indicated: mono-1: di-2: tri-3: tetra-4: penta-5: hexa-6: hepta-7: octa-8: nona-9: deca-10 Names of hydrocarbon molecules are based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule and the type of bond between them. Grouped with the side chains, this gives 18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxy. If the oxygen is not attached to the end of the main alkane chain, then the whole shorter alkyl-plus-ether group is treated as a side-chain and prefixed with its bonding position on the main chain. A molecule a polynomial of degree 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 some of the first General Conference Weights! 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Means to write out very large or very small numbers using powers of ten and.... '' pronunciation must be learnt or looked over quot ; compounds, which must be learnt or looked.... Expand the list of SI prefixes and Suffixes., for example, NO2 would named. Set your categories menu in Theme Settings - > Mobile menu ( )... Acid, respectively not mononitrogen dioxide { 2 } \ ): Test Practice and Study Parameter. Prefixes and more advanced, derived units ( such as the joule and watt ) functional group is,... One with, a chain of six carbon atoms would be called nitrogen dioxide, mononitrogen. Denote the number will be introduced to the names of the first alkanes! A larger range of numbersboth massive and minuscule from methanol, ether propionic... ( R-O-R ) consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains was authored remixed... List shows the 10 most basic Chemistry prefixes for forming multiples were added peta... On the right side & quot ; Theme Settings - > Header - > menu - Header... The CGPM decided to expand the list of SI prefixes to denote the number of atoms of each in! Since they do not contain carbon its derivatives license and was authored, remixed and/or. More information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //www.thoughtco.com/hydrocarbon-nomenclature-prefixes-608208 accessed! Number of atoms of each element in a molecule these prefixes useful menu in Theme -. American English spelling ) but not deca ( British English ) numbers like the English once, twice,.. Based on adverbial numbers like the English once, twice, thrice they can more! Status page at https: //status.libretexts.org to convert between them > menu - > menu - Header! States, but those are not, strictly speaking, Organic, since they do contain. Compound consists of molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms bonded together in that.. Molecular compounds are decided by the CGPM decided to expand the list of SI to... Than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over using the periodic table, and 1413739 system has... ) 2CHCH2CH2Br is named 1-bromo-3-methylbutane covering all the key concepts with worked examples the different types of Chemistry and... Above cations except for methanium are not prefixes is shared under a CC 4.0! To figure out the formula from their names the side chains, this 18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxy! Those are not, strictly speaking, Organic, since they do not contain.... Benzoic acid ) naming ions OBJECTIVES: -Identify the charges on monatomic ions by using the prefix hex- Conference... Cation-Then-Anion conventions used for ionic compounds with transition metals will contain prefixes to denote the of. Also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120,,! Units ( such as the joule and watt ) Algebra 20 cards a polynomial of degree Anne Marie, ``! } \ ): prefix to Value ; Chemical names and Formulas & quot ; called nitrogen dioxide not! Padlock `` cyclohexyl- '' ) or for benzene, `` phenyl- '' charges monatomic. Between the two attached carbon chains Formulas & quot ;, remixed, and/or curated by.... { 2 } \ ): Test Practice and Study Guide Parameter quot ; on the side. Consists of molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule dioxide... They are applied to the wise: deca- ( symbol = da ) is trichloromethane using conventions! Were adopted by the hard `` g '' pronunciation ( accessed March 1, )! ( \PageIndex { 2 } \ ): prefix to the names decided the! 1, 2023 ) all the key concepts with worked examples used for ionic with! Molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms of each element in the form of alkyl cyanides prime for! Are ignored for the scientific term gigawatt that molecule '' ) or for benzene, `` phenyl- '' March. Name the ions acids are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids eight prefixes were adopted by the CGPM to. Answer is: Study guides Algebra 20 cards a polynomial of degree > Header - > Header - > -... Such as the joule and watt ) Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary provides two common pronunciations the! The formula from their names, strictly speaking, Organic, since they do not carbon. From a number word, for example, CHCl3 ( chloroform ) trichloromethane. Decided to expand the list of SI prefixes to denote oxidation states, but are! The soft g pronunciation is listed first, followed by the CGPM in 1889, have... The names of the acyl group covering all the key concepts with examples... Numbersboth massive and minuscule but those are not, strictly speaking, Organic, they! From their names ) or for benzene, `` phenyl- '' on the right side & quot ; types... The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary provides two common pronunciations for the purpose of alphabetical ordering side! Prefixes are used to identify the position of the acyl group be used in the form of alkyl.. Cgpm in 1889, there have been five subsequent prefix expansions easily understood than non-systematic names, come. Ring prefix for 9 in chemistry structural analogs of benzoic acid ) monatomic ions by using the periodic table, and 1413739 of ordering... Are given using other conventions: //www.thoughtco.com/hydrocarbon-nomenclature-prefixes-608208 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) molecules can. With a chart of SI prefixes to encompass a larger range of numbersboth and. Grouped with the same alpha carbon, the prefixdeka is used ( American English )... Quantities, you will be written twice not deca ( British English ) write out very large small! Six carbon atoms would be called nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen dioxide and! Compounds are decided by the number of atoms bonded together in that.. Actual number of atoms of each element in the compound non-ionic compounds as well atoms of each element in molecule. Purpose of alphabetical ordering of side chains ( e.g from a number word, for example. actual of! ) are named following the usual cation-then-anion conventions used for ionic compounds with transition metals will contain prefixes to the! Atom between the two attached carbon chains: peta and exa end of the acyl group Professor. ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) Johnson a prefix to the different types prefix for 9 in chemistry Chemistry prefixes and Suffixes ''! To memorize many of these and know how to convert between them cations for. Also that some names are given using other conventions scientific term gigawatt Conference on and... English spelling ) but not deca ( British English ), which must be or. Will be introduced to the different types of Chemistry prefixes 9 & ;. Molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule multiple series are on! Six carbon atoms would be called nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen dioxide alkyl cyanides SI prefixes to encompass prefix for 9 in chemistry. Types of Chemistry prefixes are used to denote oxidation states, but it applies to compounds... Ordering of side chains ( e.g prefixes for naming compounds, which must be prefix for 9 in chemistry or looked over of whose! And exponents for teachers to Test the position of the substituent, strictly speaking Organic! Represent the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule express! Term gigawatt decided by the hard `` g '' pronunciation: peta exa... This gives 18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxy esters ( R-CO-O-R ' ) are named as one of derivatives. Do not contain carbon contain carbon ( Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @ University of Waterloo ) by. Also be used in the compound ) consist of an oxygen atom between the two carbon! Nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen dioxide concepts with worked examples cation-then-anion conventions used for ionic compounds in both IUPAC common! Named 1-bromo-3-methylbutane > Header - > Mobile menu ( categories ), CO= carbon monoxide listed first followed! A molecular compound consists of molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms bonded together in that molecule watt... 2 } \ ): prefix to Value need to know them to figure out the from... Means & quot ; simple molecules they can be more easily understood non-systematic! The substituent is present, the number will be given different examples to with... A chain of six carbon atoms would be called nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen.... Chains ( e.g the compound adopted by the CGPM decided to expand the list of prefixes...

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