You can look up facts in an encyclopedia or other reference, or see them for yourself. How do these ideas relate to the environment and future generations? Statement 1: Society should take measures to prevent people from engaging in dangerous personal behavior. If this is Critical Thinking, Id hate to see what Sloppy Thinking looks like. But in common parlance, provability seems audience-relative as well: While one person might find Anselms ontological argument to be a sufficient proof for Gods existence (thus rendering God exists a fact for that person); others may not. ), from Theaetetus, 157e, discussing Theaetetus' proposed definition (in 151e) that "knowledge is nothing else than perception [ ]" : Socrates : Let us, then, not neglect a point in which it is defective. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? between the two, however the rule that tells us how to assign statements to one category or the other they often get tongue-tied. Terms in this set (41) Philosophers draw a distinction between positive statements, which describe the world as it is, and ___________________s, which describe how the world should be. For example, when people work hard to make a living, they create economic output. Then, describe two or three ethical guidelines for decision-makers and policy analysts that you believe are the most i. a. It can also be used as a measure of the strength of a structure to resist force such as the rigidity of a bridge. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Perhaps more confusing is its labelling opinions as statement(s) of belief. As weve been using the terms, all statements express beliefs, and our task is to determine which of them express factual beliefs and which express opinions. Does the Master Argument succeed? And third, they avoid the sloppiness of some of the earlier proposals. Contrarily, positive claims can be put to the test, even if they aren't always true. '', Post an explanation of how you think ethics impacts public policy. Sally has determined that hiring a fifth worker will increase her production of roses in her greenhouse less than the cost of hiring the worker. How can you determine whether a given statement is a positive or a normative statement? Categorising these issues as matters of opinion doesnt make them any less urgent or vital. Philosophers draw a distinction between which describe the world as it is and Philosophers draw a distinction between which School University of Maryland, University College Course Title ECON 203 Type Test Prep Uploaded By NCole Pages 8 Ratings 91% (23) This preview shows page 7 - 8 out of 8 pages. The following partially completed process cost summary describes the July production activities of the Molding department at Ashad Company. All theories are "abstractions" from reality. Explore normative economics. many government regulations. When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas. In fact, two of the fundamental forces are actually named the weak and strong nuclear force. Moral debates are practical theyre debates about what to do and they concern our values: things that matter to us. Philosophers draw a distinction between positive statements, which describe the world as it is, and s, which describe how the world should be. Curious as to the standard explanation, I Googled facts vs. opinions. but then were there no facts before books? Productive efficiency means that, given the available inputs and technology, it is impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing the quantity that is produced of another good. Refer to Figure 2-2. Within analytical philosophy, some philosophers take logic as their model, and others emphasize ordinary language. So for instance, given. Philosophers draw a distinction between positive statements, which describe the world as it is, and s, which describe how the world should be. Can non-Muslims ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia? A. normative statement B. budget constraint C. trade-of D. opportunity cost So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? Lets consider three of those other distinctions. The slope of the _________________ is determined by the relative price of the two goods, which is calculated by taking the price of one good and dividing it by the price of the other good. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? 3) Finally, explain how the market equilibrium when the e, Explain this statement: ''If your marginal happiness is 0 then you are maximally happy. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. Use page 14 of a general journal. For example, it is an opinion that broccoli tastes good (or bad).. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? What solut. The distinction between appearance and reality has been a constitutive part of philosophy, and right from the start. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. B. the economy moves from a point inside the production possibilities curve toward a point on the production possibilities curve. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Some have tried to explain the distinction to me by arguing that facts are true. Give an example of each. and those with subjective content (opinions?). b. Support your perspective using ethical theory. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Marginal thinking is best demonstrated by: 1. deciding to never purchase a coat made with animal skins or furs, acquiring the information relevant to a choice before making that choice, measuring all of the costs of a meal against all of the benefits when deciding whether to order a second milkshake. The money he spent is a sunk cost and unless the theater manager is feeling kindly, Edgar won't get a refund. Should these externalities be continued, or would it be more economically efficient to discontinue them? Perhaps the fact/opinion distinction tracks the distinction between statements with objective content (facts?) In physics, a vector like force has a direction and magnitude. It is not uncommon for people to present an argument as constructive, to render it more compelling for an audience when it already has negative elements. This change is portrayed in the movement from: Refer to Figure 2-1. Any myth, any form of religion and world-view, is inherently bound with a distinction between appearance and reality. Descriptive statements describe or represent the world; normative statements evaluate it. The recent resurgence of extreme-right movements and the nationalist turn of many governments across the world have reignited the relevance of discussions within educational philosophy about the teaching of national identity in schools. C. the economy increases production of both clothing and food. Is there any philosophical distinction that can be made between " strength" and "force"? On the other hand, it can have pernicious effects: it leads to a kind of wishy-washiness, wherein one refrains from standing up for ones convictions for fear of imposing mere opinions. At the root of Stoicism, you also have Diogenes the Cynic driven by 'defacing currency' to get behind the mere appearance of value. By extension metaphorically, strength has meaning in regards to postive personality traits where it is understood roughly as virtue in the classical sense. But theres another, more pragmatic reason. As a French speaker, the distinction is not clear to me: it seems that French language only has " force" and nothing corresponding to " strength". In a market-oriented economy, the amount of a good that is produced is primarily decided by the interaction of A. all consumers. By that he is believed to have meant, that although there appear to be many unrelated things, and many unrelated events, in reality there is one principle, one ground, one explanation behind it all, and that one principle is identical with what we think of as water. What do managers need to organize in order to accomplish goals and objectives? Give an example of negative right and positive right that are in conflict. Explain theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, a. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. In deciding how many hours to work, Beulah will make a choice that maximizes her _______; that is, she will choose according to her preferences for leisure time and income. Instead, the critics argue that people should be taught to care more deeply about others. How is this distinction relevant to international economics. Explain this statement. . B) form the basis of all normative arguments. One reason is that precise thinking is valuable for its own sake. From a consequentialist perspective that has allocative efficiency as its objective, is the introduction of a minimum wage ethically justified? First, they capture some of the concerns that lead people to insist on the fact/opinion distinction in the first place in particular, the concern that claims not be accepted without good evidence. Distinguish between positive and negative externalities. Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. What is meant by a "positive" and "normative" statement? Explain what are the examples of Ethical Relativism in the US and global business practices. Strong bridges hold trains. Most real-world choices aren't about getting all of one thing or another, instead, most choices involve _________________, which involves comparing the benefits and costs of choosing a little more or a little less of a good. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. B. B. positive statements can be graphed, whereas normative statements cannot. please answer all the questions! 3. Which two activities do marketers focus on in the maturity stage to help the firm hold onto its market share? Buying more sophisticated security equipment for airports, like three-dimensional baggage scanners and cameras linked to face recognition software, could cost another $2 billion. What is the distinction here? a. Determine whether the following statement is positive or normative: "The standard of living in the United States should be higher.". Here are the second and third results from my quick internet search, from an Education Oasis and Enchanted Learning website, respectively: A fact is a statement that can be proven true., An opinion expresses someones belief, feeling, view, idea, or judgment about something or someone.. The Education Oasis site announces that An opinion expresses someones belief about something. So if I believe that theres beer in my refrigerator, is that just an opinion? It attempts to form into a related whole the various norms, rules, and values of a society's morality. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? That is why it is critical that we can distinguish among constructive and negative statements. is using its resources efficiently while producing clothing but no food. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks. Attending college is a case where the ________________ exceeds the monetary cost. In recognising that a personal belief differs sharply from that of other individuals and cultures, one may conclude, I guess thats just my opinion no better than anyone elses. This conclusion may stem from an admirable humility. It encourages specialization which means more profit. \text{Costs Incurred this period}&\underline{\text{\hspace{5pt}357,500}}&\underline{\text{\hspace{5pt}188,670}}\\ In order to pay for it, she stopped her gym membership. B. it is impossible to completely fulfill the unlimited human desire for goods and services with the limited resources available. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Transcribed Image Text: Q7. They use the idea of opportunity cost. It's also a measurement of the degree of force. A. Second, consider the subjective/objective distinction. Question: Philosophers draw a distinction between _____, which describe the world as it is, and normative statements, which describe how the world should be. Refer to Figure 2-2. How useful would the fact/opinion distinction be if any statement could count as either one, depending on who hears it? View full document See Page 1 2. In the first part, Scheffler argues that to hold oneself and others to moral requirements, one must already (a) draw a distinction between what one does and what one merely allows (or some other similar distinction) and (b) treat this distinction as morally important. Give an example of a positive statement and an example of a normative statement that somehow relates to your daily life. with continental philosophy in English-speaking countries. Reflections on the Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl, Want to Be Good at Philosophy? Philosophers distinguish between 2 kinds of " powers": moral powers ( authority, right to order something) which corresponds to potestas in Latin and " physical power" ( ability to do something, or to operate a constraint on somebody else) correspondind in Latin to potentia.. Force - according to Wolff in Ontologia - is distinct from " power" : force ( vis in latin) is the reason explaining . Is the distinction between software and hardware real? Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Review each situation and (1) determine the treatment for each situation as probable and estimable, probable and inestimable, reasonably possible, or remote; (2) determine what, if any, recognition or note disclosure is required; and (3) prepare any journal entries required to recognize a contingent liability. The model that economists use for illustrating the process of individual choice in a situation of scarcity is the budget constraint, sometimes also called the _______________, a diagram which shows what choices are possible. Opportunity cost. o A statement of opinion is one whose content is either subjective or else not well supported by the available evidence. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Economic models like the are not physical models, but instead are diagrams or graphs or even mathematical equations that represent. Along the production possibilities frontier, the most efficient point of production depicted is: 4. Ditto if it didnt happen. ________ questions have to do with explanation and prediction, ________ questions have to do with what ought to be. Normative statement is often used as if the speaker is living in ideal world. Explain the difference between a potential Pareto improvement and a Pareto improvement. Health care should be available for everyone in the United States because it is the right thing to do. Force - according to Wolff in Ontologia - is distinct from " power" : force ( vis in latin) is the reason explaining the actualization of an active power. " Although the benefits of the bus tunnel do not immediately exceed the costs, it can be used for a future subway when growth dictates it. It only takes a minute to sign up. Does the element of choice play a role in this distinction? C. opportunity cost Be specific by explaining how ethics has impacted a specific example. Is inequality necessary? It only takes a minute to sign up. The model that economists use for illustrating the process of individual choice in a situation of scarcity is the budget constraint, sometimes also called the _______________, a diagram which shows what choices are possible. Published in category Business, 16.08.2020 >> . I might believe that theres beer in the refrigerator, whether or not theres any there. Define what makes an argument a deductive argument, and explain b. Give specific examples to support your answer. The choice on a production possibilities set that is socially preferred, or the choice on an individual's budget constraint that is personally preferred, will display _____________________. useful work occurs when the direction in which the force is applied matches the direction in which it is desired to move that thing. The marginal benefit of a slice of pizza is the: C. the maximum amount that a consumer is willing to pay for the slice. . The same is true for God exists not an opinion, on this schema, but a factual claim (maybe true, maybe false). This statement is usually used to encourage someone who is feeling down. Something is subjective insofar as it is mind-dependent, objective insofar as it is mind-independent. (Ill say more about the subjective/objective distinction later on.). Of course, there are different kinds of beliefs and statements. Suppose, then, we narrow our inquiry to statements, so that when we ask, What is the difference between facts and opinions? what were really asking is What is the difference between statements of fact and statements of opinion?, This seems like it should be an easy question, but it actually tends to stump most people on the street. (Round cost per equivalent unit calculations to two decimal places.). Reba is deciding whether she should eat an additional half of a sandwich. But this way of drawing the contrast merely pushes the problem back further. A student has only a few hours to prepare for two different exams tomorrow morning. Compare and contrast the ethical relativism, as it applies in the western (U.S.) and global businesses practices. A. efficiency B. law of diminishing marginal utility C. positive statements D. compound interest, According to non-essentialists, there is no distinction between positive ("what is") and normative ("what should be").